نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال چهاردهم شماره 42 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The sacrifice is a form of ritual sacrifice and one of the forms of worship that have deviated from their fundamental purposes at times until individuals have sacrificed themselves. The three civilizations of India, Iran, and Mesopotamia have long had many cultural ties and have been influenced by each other; one of these is human sacrifice. This paper tries to study the human sacrifice in these three cultures in a descriptive-analytical way and according to the theories of the ritual of sacrifice. And to answer the questions of when human sacrifice was performed in the mentioned civilizations and if so, in what ways has this effect been shown? The findings show that human sacrifice was often performed in special religious ceremonies and on sensitive occasions in order to reproduce nature and restore it. In Mesopotamia and India, due to the vastness and cultural differences of the region, human sacrifice was more common. The three civilizations mentioned in the rituals of passing through fire have influenced the privileges of alternative sacrifices and the exile of mythical characters (to the underworld). In the analyzes performed in the fertility sections, Fraser and Taylor's theories; the sacrifice for the idol, Taylor and Boyce's theories; Burning and symbolic sacrifices, freezer theories, and Taylor are more commonly used.

Issues related to territory and territoriality as the basis of many political geography subjects and phenomena are more considerable when accompanied with conflicts. Territorial conflicts can spring from religions. That is to say, religious issues may lead to territorial conflicts. Moreover, claiming the ownership and sovereignty of a region by different religious groups can cause territorial conflicts as well. One of the regions in the world where territorial conflicts are well visible is South Asia. This region has faced an increasing incidence of territorial conflicts within and between member states, initially after the Britain domination and then after it’s division in 1947, which has had a direct impact on the entire region and in many cases these conflicts have been affected by the religious. The present research with the use of descriptive-analytical method and referring to library sources, aims to clarify the impact of religion variable on territorial conflicts in South Asia. The results indicate that religion as an important mediating variable, along with other factors like nationalism and racism has been effective in territorial conflicts in this region.

Delicate imageries, content creations and innovative illustrations in Abdol Ghader Biddle Dehlavi's sonnets, make the readers face with a kind of surprise, ambiguity and complexity of expression. He is skilled and fully-representative of Indian style in creating complex novel images, interwoven and, ambiguous at the same time. Most of images in his poems reflect a scene or situation. In a way, sensually and tangibly or mentally and sensibly, which is formed by the poet 's special use of words and expressions. How to illustrate and how to reflect images in Biddle dehlavi 's poetry is the main question of this research paper. This article which is done by descriptive method and content analysis, shows three various ways of using Biddle 's poetry images in terms of imitating former eminent masters and ambiguity and culture of images can be seen: A: Images of Saadi and Hafez ' poems; simple and well-crafted images that are formed in the service of embodying the concept and envoking meaning. B: Images of Nezami and Khaghani 's poems; in such poems, in addition to the central and main images; it sometimes carries the meaning of the verse, the poet also creates several complex and intertwined images for artistic ambiguity in poetry. C: Biddle 's special 's images; complex and layered images that sometimes push poetry to the point of meaninglessness, such images, which are considered to be Biddle 's poetic identity, are usually less used in his lyric poems.

Afghanistan after 2001 is a new stage in securing women's political rights, especially in the legal field. The new constitution of Afghanistan, which has been drafted in the last twenty years, essentially recognizes the rights of women and provides equal and equal status for women in human dignity and human rights. The Afghan constitution recognizes the cultural and other rights of women, including the right to freedom of expression and other related rights, the right to education, the right of parents to choose the kind of education given to their children, and the right of minorities to Respect for their identity, language, tradition and cultural heritage; The right to equal enjoyment of the common heritage of humanity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine, identify and rank the barriers to women's political presence in post-Taliban Afghanistan. The present study is a descriptive-field study. The statistical population of the study includes 109 experts and political activists related to the Afghan Consulate in Iran. Based on simple random sampling method and Morgan table, the sample size was estimated to be 85 people. Findings show that cultural barriers with a coefficient of 6.9, social barriers with a coefficient of 4.1,

One of the most important parts of folklore or folk elements is cultural customs and traditions, a subject that can be carefully observed in the individual and social behavior of people in a society, its signs can be seen and their impact on life can be understood. The experience of these cultural elements and coexistence with them has been influential in the minds and tongues of poets and has been used in various periods to create new themes. Azad Belgrami is one of the Persian poets of India that Islamic and Indian cultural customs and traditions has a significant presence and emergence in his poems. Therefore, the present article seeks to examine the topic of etiquette and customs, which has the highest frequency in Belgrami poetry, in a descriptive-analytical way and to answer the question that cultural customs and traditions in the Belgrami lyric are native to the Indian people. Or has it been influenced by Islamic or Iranian culture? The results show that some customs and traditions, including Hindu women’s beauty spot, burning and Pan chewing, are specific and native to the Indian people, But the highest frequency is related to that The poet is influenced by Islamic and Iranian Culture Including the etiquette of hospitality, mourning and religious festivals - which are also very common in his poetry, and it seems that Belgradmi's religious interests and a lot of attention to religious traditions, have neglected him to pay more attention to India's national and happy customs.

The present study reviews the local historiography books in the Persian language of Sindh province from the early seventeenth century to the first half of the 12th century and their authors and motivators. According to a survey, many of these works have been written by influential government officials, or based on the recommendations of the personalities and leaders of the country and the military. The format and content of these works include awareness of historical geography, dynasties and rulers, wars, conquests and rejels and celebrities. The culmination of local Indian historiography from the years 613 to 1150 AH was in the eleventh century and, due to geographical dispersion, most of the works of Indian history during these years are related to Sindh. Most of these writings are written by immigrant Iranian writers to the subcontinent, some of which are considered to be the most celebrated, celebrated and celebrated Sadat. Given the nature of the present research, the research methodology used in this paper is based on the description and analysis of the historical sources of the Persian handwriting of Sindh in the period under consideration.

one of the important islamic issues is jihad which is among the branches of religion. a peaceful religious movement between islam and christianity was formed, in 1889A.D in the indian state of punjab. founder of the movement, mirza ghulam ahmad qadiany, claimed he was the messiah simultaneously. one of his remarks was to cancel the edict of jihad on muslims. in his view, jihad, which is in islam, means reasonable argument, not jihad. the main question in this research is why ghulam ahmad decided to cancel jihad on muslims? the claim is, in 1803A.D, when abd - al – aziz dehlavi called the indian minister of jihad and issued the edict of jihad against britain, which led to an extensive repercussions in the islamic movement following him, as britain forced the unity and intensity of the operation of muslims to create qadianyyah and support ghulam ahmad qadiany in order to cancel jihad and legitimize its sovereignty over punjab. the research method is descriptive - analytical and library method. the results of this research, relying on the early sources and the works written by ghulam ahmad, is that he was able to prevent many of the uprisings against the british, so that he continued to dominate the british during 100 year (1849-1947) of the british rule.

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is an influential poet in the history of Persian language and literature, who has emerged as a capable representative of the Persian language and culture in the land of India. His various works are filled with delicate, valuable artistic and literary techniques, identification of which is of great importance for a correct understanding of the literary background of Persian. As a dependable pioneer in literary criticism and rhetoric, he has employed literary techniques properly in speech. Ambiguity is one of the most prominent effective techniques in his works, which helps the addressee to perceive more than one meaning from the discourse through implication of close and distant senses. One of his valuable, lesser-known works is his masnavi (‘a poetic form’) Noh Sepehr (‘nine skies’), composed in 718 AH. Many of the verses in this work contain artistic delicacies in terms of ambiguity, where the familiar addressee recognizes a wide network of polysemous words by paying close attention to the ambiguous structures. In this descriptive-analytical research, an attempt was made to answer the question of what is included in the most important types of ambiguity in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s Noh Sepehr.

Today, the widespread use ofindigenous handicrafts incommunities shows that the profitability and effective interaction of goods and services with the customer depend on the establishment of a relationshipas a conceptualized content of form and the use of indigenous materials. The present study intends to use the sustainability of the Indian handlooms in the design process of modern products by examining the role of indigenous Indian handloomsin creating sustainable patterns. The main research question is about the role of the formation and production patterns of Indian traditional handlooms in the principles of sustainable design. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytic and case studies are used to make conclusions and generalizethe results to similar samples in the industry. The results of this study show that the revival of the design and production process oftraditional handloomshas been used to reproduce the products of the present day and has been effective in the sustainable design of modern products. Moreover, these products have been accepted by the customer and as a result, have been able to provideadvantagesfor the industry owners.

The foundations of the legitimacy of Shibani's religious-political structure have not been explained by his supporters on the basis of ancestry. Rather, the group has used other bases and components to justify the acceptance and legitimacy of the Shebanian government. Its purpose is to demonstrate the distinction of this Sunni-based structure with other competitors, especially with the Shi'ite Safavid state, which was formed almost simultaneously with this government in Iran. In fact, legitimacy components such as opportunism and interpretivism form the basis of this approach. Among these scholars is Fazlullah Roozbehan Khaji, who is recognized as the most famous patron of the Shibanians and has developed his legitimizing attitudes in numerous compilations, such as Sukul al-Muluk and Bukhara's guestbook, using many of the above-mentioned works, Is data. With this approach, he has read Shibani by interpreting the Qur'anic verses as well as hadiths and narrations such as Ma'e's re-narration, the Hadith of Heresy and the related news, the promised expansions and the apocalyptic saviors that have emerged to be caused by anomalies and heresies. Destroy the Safavid beginners

Effective factors in the dynamics of science and publication, and the enhancement of the knowledge and achievements of a nation or civilization; is the association of scientists with each other and the exploitation of achievements and information. Meanwhile, with the range of Muslim territories and the geographical distance of the center of the Islamic caliphate with the land of India; The ambiguity in this study is based on; how Islamic medicine used Indian medicine and how Indian medicine influences the Islamic world, and what routes and methods have been transmitted. How can the Iranian people, as officials and scholars, play a role in understanding and understanding Muslims of Indian medicine in the Islamic era? With the approach to this ambiguity, by studying existing documents and evidence and analyzing historical sources information, the present researched achieved to these results Thus, with Muslim rule in the Sassanid kingdom, Hindu medicine, were attracted to the Muslims; together with Iranian scholars. of course, Iranian ministers and medicine had a special contribution to combining Islamic medicine with Indian medicine.

The Competitiveness Index is measured and published annually by the World Economic Forum for a significant number of countries. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to "measure and assess the position of Indian subcontinent countries in terms of competitiveness indicators compared to Iran", in the period 2016 to 2018. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Sharon's entropy techniques, Vikor, Moran's global spatial self-correlation statistics, and the Arc Gis software were used to analyze the data. The results of this study in terms of the study of global competitiveness indicators during the period under study showed that India is in the first place and Bhutan is in the last place. Iran, with a score of 0.305, 0.336 and 0.327, has the second place, respectively. Also, the results of the change coefficient model (c.v) showed that the level of inequality of countries in having the studied indicators has been declining over the past three years. The main question of the research is what is the situation of Iran in terms of global competitiveness indicators compared to quasi-continental countries?

Malekoshoara Bahar and G R Mulla are among the pioneers and freedom-loving poets of Iran and Pakistan, who have used poetry to fight. Despite the biological and geographical differences between the two poets, the present study tries to compare the common views and points of view of these two poets in the themes of sustainability. Bahar is one of the most prominent poets of constitutional literature in Iran and G R Mulla is one of the high-ranking poets of the Awakening era of Baluchi poetry. Both poets believe that their poems are a mirror of the sufferings of the people who have suffered from the oppression of authoritarian and oppressive governments and socio-political conditions. The main question of the research is whether similarities can be found in representing the concepts of sustainability in the poetry of these two poets? According to the results of the research, the common poetic themes of love for the homeland, hope for the future, promise of victory, invitation to fight and stand against oppression and praise of freedom have been repeated in the poetry of both poets.   Such researches can provide a suitable ground for the development and expansion of intercultural relations and interactions.

India's quest to become a world-class developed economic power has enabled India to take an active approach in its economic diplomacy, as part of India's continued economic growth and development depends on its economic diplomacy. So India needs to set clear priorities for its economic diplomacy. This paper examines the priorities of India's economic diplomacy in order to sustain India's economic development and how these priorities have an impact on India's economic relations with Iran. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and data gathering is documentary. The conceptual framework used in this research is economic diplomacy. The results show that India's most important economic diplomacy priorities are energy security, facilitation of flow of goods and services, attracting foreign direct investment and communication and utilization of overseas Indian labor force, and India to fulfill some of these priorities including Energy security and increased trade and facilitating transit of goods require cooperation with Iran.